Annotated Bibliography
By: Elizabeth Williams
Boettcher, James. “Internal Minorities, Membership, and the Freedmen Controversy.” Social Philosophy Today 25 (2009): 91-106. In the academic journal article, “Internal Minorities, Membership, and the Freedmen Controversy,” author James Boettcher’s critical agenda is to provide readers with possible theories to solve the controversy revolving around the membership status of freedmen descendants within the Cherokee tribe. The journal article focuses on the 2007 Cherokee Nation constitutional amendment “revoking the citizenship rights of descendants of the freedmen, persons of African descent held as slaves before eventually being adopted as Cherokee citizens after the U.S. Civil War” (91). This will contribute to the critical conversation surrounding the issues of race relations between the Five Civilized Tribes and African Americans. I will utilize this source to provide dates and information for the Reds vs Blacks timeline.
Chavez, Will. "Cherokee Nation/Freedmen Timeline." Cherokee Phoenix. Cherokee Phoenix, 2013. Web. The critical agenda of this webpage is to provide readers with information concerning the relationship between Cherokees and Freedmen. The website is the electronic version of the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper. The page gives information about the positive and negative relations between the Cherokee Nation and their freedmen. This contributes to the critical conversation of my topic concerning Cherokee Freedmen and their status. I will use this information for timeline information and dates, especially more recent events.
Grinde, Donald, and Quintard Taylor. "Red vs Black: Conflict and Accommodation in the Post Civil War Indian Territory, 1865-1907." American Indian Quarterly 8.3 (1984): 211-29. The critical agenda for the article is to inform readers about the reasons for conflict between Native Americans and African Americans in Indian Territory and the neighboring territory to the west, Oklahoma Territory. The racial tensions in the Native American community first developed internally from the discrimination and conflict between the Five Civilized Tribes: Seminoles, Creeks, Cherokees, Chickasaws, and Choctaws. As time passed, slavery, the Civil War, and immigration into Indian Territory have combined to antagonize the already present strain on race relations. This will contribute to the critical conversation surrounding my topic by explaining how Five Civilized Tribes directed their hostility to the African American race and the white man. This is one of my main sources for timeline information and dates.
"Slave Descendants Seek Equal Rights from Cherokee Nation | Pechanga.net." Slave Descendants Seek Equal Rights from Cherokee Nation | Pechanga.net. Pechanga, n.d. Web. The critical agenda for this website is to provide Native American news and headlines. The freedmen section of the website shows the major news stories concerning the controversy around freedmen and their membership. It gives a brief description of each news source and a link to the full story. The website is constantly updated with new links that contribute to my critical conversation about the Five Civilized Tribes and Freedmen. I will use this for recent information to better educate myself about the current controversies and locate photography.
"The Gateway to Oklahoma History." The Oklahoma Guide. Oklahoma Historical Society, n.d. Web. The critical agenda for the website is to provide the largest database for Oklahoma newspapers. The Oklahoma Guide section of the website lists information about each edition of the newspaper with pictures of the actual document. The Oklahoma Guide was one of the largest African American newspapers in Oklahoma from 1892-1922. This contributes to the critical conversation surrounding the all-black towns in Oklahoma and Indian Territory. I will use this source for photos of the newspapers for according dates on my timeline and information about the all-black towns in Oklahoma and Indian Territory.
Yoshitaka, Iwasaki. "Freedmen in the Indian Territory after the Civil War: The Dual Approaches of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations." Nanzan Review of American Studies 30 (2008): 91-108. The critical agenda of the article is to examine the membership of freedmen in Choctaw and Cherokee Nations and their assimilation into Indian Territory. Yoshitaka discusses the origins and identities of the freedmen in the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations and the status of their membership in the tribe. The article also looks at the differences between the ways freedmen were treated by the two nations. This will contribute to the critical conversation surrounding my topic of freedmen in Indian Territory and the lack of recognition of their membership. I will use this source for timeline information and dates.
Works Cited
Boettcher, James. “Internal Minorities, Membership, and the Freedmen Controversy.” Social Philosophy Today 25 (2009): 91-106. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 June 2013.
Chavez, Will. "Cherokee Nation/Freedmen Timeline." Cherokee Phoenix. Cherokee Phoenix, 2013. Web. 31 June 2013.
Grinde, Donald A., Jr., and Quintard Taylor. "Red vs Black: Conflict and Accommodation in the Post Civil War Indian Territory, 1865-1907." American Indian Quarterly 8.3 (1984): 211-29. Print.
"The Gateway to Oklahoma History." The Oklahoma Guide. Oklahoma Historical Society, n.d. Web. 30 June 2013.
"Slave Descendants Seek Equal Rights from Cherokee Nation | Pechanga.net." Slave Descendants Seek Equal Rights from Cherokee Nation | Pechanga.net. Pechanga, n.d. Web. 01 July 2013.
Yoshitaka, Iwasaki. "Freedmen in the Indian Territory after the Civil War: The Dual Approaches of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations." Nanzan Review of American Studies 30 (2008): 91-108. Print.
By: Elizabeth Williams
Boettcher, James. “Internal Minorities, Membership, and the Freedmen Controversy.” Social Philosophy Today 25 (2009): 91-106. In the academic journal article, “Internal Minorities, Membership, and the Freedmen Controversy,” author James Boettcher’s critical agenda is to provide readers with possible theories to solve the controversy revolving around the membership status of freedmen descendants within the Cherokee tribe. The journal article focuses on the 2007 Cherokee Nation constitutional amendment “revoking the citizenship rights of descendants of the freedmen, persons of African descent held as slaves before eventually being adopted as Cherokee citizens after the U.S. Civil War” (91). This will contribute to the critical conversation surrounding the issues of race relations between the Five Civilized Tribes and African Americans. I will utilize this source to provide dates and information for the Reds vs Blacks timeline.
Chavez, Will. "Cherokee Nation/Freedmen Timeline." Cherokee Phoenix. Cherokee Phoenix, 2013. Web. The critical agenda of this webpage is to provide readers with information concerning the relationship between Cherokees and Freedmen. The website is the electronic version of the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper. The page gives information about the positive and negative relations between the Cherokee Nation and their freedmen. This contributes to the critical conversation of my topic concerning Cherokee Freedmen and their status. I will use this information for timeline information and dates, especially more recent events.
Grinde, Donald, and Quintard Taylor. "Red vs Black: Conflict and Accommodation in the Post Civil War Indian Territory, 1865-1907." American Indian Quarterly 8.3 (1984): 211-29. The critical agenda for the article is to inform readers about the reasons for conflict between Native Americans and African Americans in Indian Territory and the neighboring territory to the west, Oklahoma Territory. The racial tensions in the Native American community first developed internally from the discrimination and conflict between the Five Civilized Tribes: Seminoles, Creeks, Cherokees, Chickasaws, and Choctaws. As time passed, slavery, the Civil War, and immigration into Indian Territory have combined to antagonize the already present strain on race relations. This will contribute to the critical conversation surrounding my topic by explaining how Five Civilized Tribes directed their hostility to the African American race and the white man. This is one of my main sources for timeline information and dates.
"Slave Descendants Seek Equal Rights from Cherokee Nation | Pechanga.net." Slave Descendants Seek Equal Rights from Cherokee Nation | Pechanga.net. Pechanga, n.d. Web. The critical agenda for this website is to provide Native American news and headlines. The freedmen section of the website shows the major news stories concerning the controversy around freedmen and their membership. It gives a brief description of each news source and a link to the full story. The website is constantly updated with new links that contribute to my critical conversation about the Five Civilized Tribes and Freedmen. I will use this for recent information to better educate myself about the current controversies and locate photography.
"The Gateway to Oklahoma History." The Oklahoma Guide. Oklahoma Historical Society, n.d. Web. The critical agenda for the website is to provide the largest database for Oklahoma newspapers. The Oklahoma Guide section of the website lists information about each edition of the newspaper with pictures of the actual document. The Oklahoma Guide was one of the largest African American newspapers in Oklahoma from 1892-1922. This contributes to the critical conversation surrounding the all-black towns in Oklahoma and Indian Territory. I will use this source for photos of the newspapers for according dates on my timeline and information about the all-black towns in Oklahoma and Indian Territory.
Yoshitaka, Iwasaki. "Freedmen in the Indian Territory after the Civil War: The Dual Approaches of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations." Nanzan Review of American Studies 30 (2008): 91-108. The critical agenda of the article is to examine the membership of freedmen in Choctaw and Cherokee Nations and their assimilation into Indian Territory. Yoshitaka discusses the origins and identities of the freedmen in the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations and the status of their membership in the tribe. The article also looks at the differences between the ways freedmen were treated by the two nations. This will contribute to the critical conversation surrounding my topic of freedmen in Indian Territory and the lack of recognition of their membership. I will use this source for timeline information and dates.
Works Cited
Boettcher, James. “Internal Minorities, Membership, and the Freedmen Controversy.” Social Philosophy Today 25 (2009): 91-106. Academic Search Premier. Web. 11 June 2013.
Chavez, Will. "Cherokee Nation/Freedmen Timeline." Cherokee Phoenix. Cherokee Phoenix, 2013. Web. 31 June 2013.
Grinde, Donald A., Jr., and Quintard Taylor. "Red vs Black: Conflict and Accommodation in the Post Civil War Indian Territory, 1865-1907." American Indian Quarterly 8.3 (1984): 211-29. Print.
"The Gateway to Oklahoma History." The Oklahoma Guide. Oklahoma Historical Society, n.d. Web. 30 June 2013.
"Slave Descendants Seek Equal Rights from Cherokee Nation | Pechanga.net." Slave Descendants Seek Equal Rights from Cherokee Nation | Pechanga.net. Pechanga, n.d. Web. 01 July 2013.
Yoshitaka, Iwasaki. "Freedmen in the Indian Territory after the Civil War: The Dual Approaches of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations." Nanzan Review of American Studies 30 (2008): 91-108. Print.